Ink Pigmentmuab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev luam ntawv archival piv rau dye-raws li lwm txoj hauv kev vim nws lub cev qauv thiab tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov. Tsis zoo li dye molecules uas yaj tag nrho rau hauv cov ntawv luam ntawv substrate, Ink Pigment muaj cov khoom siv microscopic tshem tawm hauv cov kua nqa khoom.
Cov khoom no so ntawm lub substrate nto, tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv UV degradation, dej puas, thiab raug tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv no txhais tau ncaj qha mus rau qhov ntsuas tau ntev ntev -xim xim -raws li luam tawm tuaj yeem khaws cov xim fidelity rau ntau xyoo lossis ntau pua xyoo, thaum cov xim luam tawm feem ntau ploj hauv ob peb xyoos nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig zoo sib xws.
Nkag siab txog Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Ink Pigment thiab Dye Ink
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tom qab kev ua tau zoo sib txawv
Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob hom cwj mem no pib nrog cov molecules uas ua rau lawv. Dye inks muaj cov xim uas yog yaj ntawm qib molecular. Qhov no cia lawv nkag mus tob rau hauv daim ntawv strands thiab ua kom cov xim qub ci nrog cov kev hloov tonal du. Tab sis tib qho kev nkag mus no ua rau cov xim molecules yooj yim rau kev tawg los ntawm oxygen thiab lub teeb. Ink Pigment formulations, ntawm qhov tod tes, siv cov khoom me me, feem ntau ntawm 50 thiab 200 nanometers, uas nyob rau hauv kev ncua ua tsaug rau dispersing agents thiab nyob twj ywm rau lub cev nrog rau lub substrate nto es tsis txhob ntawm chemically koom nrog nws.
Qhov no particle-raws li architecture muaj cov txiaj ntsig uas tuaj nrog nws. Cov pigment particles thaiv UV rays ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiab carbon dub versions muaj lightfastness cov qhab nia siab tshaj ISO 9706 cov cai. Organic pigments, xws li quinacridones thiab phthalocyanines, tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov xim ci thiab nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv hnyav ib puag ncig uas yuav sai sai zom zas xim -raws li lwm txoj kev.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Mechanics hauv Industrial Printing Applications
Qhov no yog vim tias cov thawj tswj hwm kev yuav khoom thiab cov kws tshaj lij engineers yuav tsum paub tias cov inks no ua haujlwm li cas hauv -cov chaw tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb. Yog tias koj xav tau cov xim saturation thiab du gradients, dye inks yog qhov zoo rau koj. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv rau luv luv - cov ntaub ntawv lag luam thiab cov ntawv luam tawm uas yuav tsis khaws cia ntev. Qhov qis viscosity ntawm cov inks no ua rau nws ua tau rau piezoelectric printheads ua haujlwm sai thiab nrog kev tu me ntsis.
Txhawm rau kom cov khoom tsis txhob lo ua ke thiab lub taub hau tsis txhob txhaws, cov xim xim -raws li cov tshuab yuav tsum tau siv tshuab dispersion ntau dua. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no thiab muab qhov tshwj xeeb luam tawm mus tas li, niaj hnub Ink Pigment cov qauv ua ke ua ke cov neeg ua hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qhov loj me. Thaum lub sij hawm ntev - ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov pom tam sim ntawd, kev lag luam tawm - tawm ntawm qhov pib vibrancy thiab ntev - lub sij hawm ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab.
Archival Printing Challenges thiab Vim Li Cas Ink Choice Matters
Environmental Stressors uas cuam tshuam luam ntawv ntev
Ntau hom kev puas tsuaj yeej ib txwm tshwm sim rau cov khoom archival. Thaum UV teeb tsoo ib yam dab tsi, nws pib photochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas zom cov xim molecules. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis zoo rau cov xim xim -raws li cov ntawv luam tawm uas pom nyob ze ntawm qhov rais lossis hauv qab lub teeb fluorescent. Thaum cov av noo hloov pauv, cov dej molecules raug tso tawm uas tuaj yeem yaj lossis txav cov xim dye, uas yog qhov ua rau "khiav" lossis "los ntshav" uas koj pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas tau raug puas los ntawm ntub dej. Cov pa phem hauv huab cua, zoo li ozone thiab nitrogen oxides, ua kom cov oxidative tawg, uas yog ib qho teeb meem loj hauv nroog thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.
Kub cycling ua rau lub voj voog ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab kev cog lus uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus number case thiab substrate. Thaum cov xim zas xim nkag mus tob rau hauv cov fibers ntawm daim ntawv, lawv mus txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas tuaj yeem ua rau me me tawg thiab sai fading. Cov khoom uas lawv tus kheej xav tau ntau lub zog los rhuav tshem ntau dua li cov kua dye molecules, yog liInk Pigmentformulations tiv taus cov teeb meem no vim yog lawv nto -qib sib txuas thiab ntuj tshuaj stability.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv xim xim hauv kev khaws cia
Rau cov koom haum uas saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov ntawv luam ntawm cov kos duab zoo, lossis cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, ink permanence txhais tau hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov cuab tam yuav raug khaws cia. Lub chaw soj ntsuam Wilhelm Imaging Research tau qhia tias cov xim zoo nkauj - cov xim zoo nkauj - cov ntawv luam tawm tuaj yeem khaws lawv cov xim raug rau 200 xyoo lossis ntau dua thaum khaws cia hauv ib lub tsev cia puav pheej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, zas xim-raws li cov ntawv luam tawm feem ntau pib ploj hauv 5 mus rau 25 xyoo, nyob ntawm seb lawv pom li cas. Qhov kev ua tau zoo no tsis yog qhov nce me me xwb; nws yog qhov sib txawv hauv kev khaws cia zoo li cas.
Thaum txiav txim siab txog kev yuav khoom, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Dye-raws li cov tshuab yuav muaj cov nqi pib qis dua rau cov khoom siv, tab sis cov nyiaj khaws cia no tau ploj sai sai thaum koj yuav tsum luam tawm lossis kho cov ntaub ntawv uas tau raug puas tsuaj. Pigment-raws li kev daws teeb meem yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv khaws cov ntaub ntawv ncaj ncees ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm kev pabcuam lub neej thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau hloov ntau zaus.
Kev Ntsuas Sib Piv: Pigment Ink vs Dye Ink hauv Archival Printing
Quantifiable Performance Metrics Qhov Tseem Ceeb
Tiag -kev sim ntiaj teb siv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo uas tuaj yeem ntsuas tau thiab siv los pab txiav txim siab txog kev yuav khoom. Lub teeb fade resistance testing raws li ISO 18909 cov qauv qhia tau hais tias cov xim xim tau txais kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm 80-100 xyoo lossis ntau dua ua ntej lawv pib ploj mus, thaum lwm yam xim tsuas tau txais kev ntsuas ntawm 5-30 xyoo. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov dej tsis kam qhia tias cov xim luam tawm tseem tuaj yeem nyeem tau tom qab tso rau hauv dej, tab sis zas xim - cov ntaub ntawv ua tsis tau nyeem lossis poob tag nrho lawv cov xim khaws cia.
Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog kev ua tau zoo uas tuaj yeem pom hauv kev lag luam specifications:
Kev sib piv Durability:
Lightfastness (ISO Blue Wool Scale): Pigments tau qhab nia ntawm 7-8, thaum dyes feem ntau tau qhab nia 2-4.
Dej Resistance: Pigment formulations tsis los ntshav ntau, tab sis dye-raws li prints muaj ntau colorant migration.
Ozone Resistance (20ppb, 50% RH): Pigments khaws lawv cov xim rau ntau tshaj 300 teev; dyes tsuas yog khaws cia rau 60 mus rau 80% ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Tus nqi luam tawm: Pigments feem ntau raug nqi 15 mus rau 25 feem pua ntau dua los yuav, tab sis lawv tsis tas yuav hloov ntau zaus.
Cov kev ntsuas no muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev yuav khoom tus nqi. Ib qho - luam tawm mus tas li yog qhov zoo dua rau cov chaw tsim khoom uas ua cov ntaub ntawv ua raws, daim ntawv pov thawj, lossis cov lus qhia kev tshaj lij tshaj li kev luam tawm ntau zaus. Kev tshem tawm cov voj voog rov luam tawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab ua raws li cov tuam txhab kev siv zog ua kom zoo ib puag ncig. Nws kuj txo lawv cov nqi ua haujlwm tag nrho.
Kev tswj hwm kev ua raws cai thiab cov qauv kev nyab xeeb
Cov kev cai ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb tau nruj dua rau cov ntawv thov kev lag luam. Kev sib xyaw xim niaj hnub tuaj yeem ua raws li cov cai teev tseg los ntawm REACH, California Prop 65, thiab lwm yam kev cai lij choj uas tswj cov tshuaj siv hauv kev lag luam. Thaum piv rau qee cov kuab tshuaj-raws li dye systems, pigments ib txwm tso tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua vim tias lawv tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no pab nrog kev siv zog los txhim kho huab cua zoo hauv chaw ua haujlwm.
Henghao Technology Development (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. yog ib lub tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev muag cov khoom lag luam - qib xim xim xim uas zoo sib xws nrog zoo- cov npe nrov xws li BASF, Clariant, thiab DIC hais txog qhov zoo. Peb ntau hom carbon dub pigment, organic azo pigments, thiab phthalocyanine series muab rau koj cov kev ua tau zoo thiab uniformity koj xav tau rau tawv preservation printing hauj lwm. Peb tau ua haujlwm rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv 33 lub teb chaws rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo, yog li peb paub tias nws tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau kev yuav cov neeg tswj xyuas kom pom cov xim pigment uas tuaj yeem ua cov khoom sib xws.
Xaiv tus Pigment Ink Txoj Cai rau Koj Cov Kev Xav Tau Luam Ntawv Archival
Kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshaj lij kev muag khoom
Xaiv txoj caiInk Pigmentformulations, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib ntau yam sib txawv. Kev faib tawm ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev daws teeb meem luam ntawv thiab lub nozzle compatibility. Cov khoom me me ua rau cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov duab zoo dua, tab sis lawv xav tau cov thev naus laus zis ntau dua los nthuav tawm lawv. Cov chemistry ntawm kev kho deg txiav txim siab seb nws puas haum rau cov dej los yog cov kuab tshuaj -raws li cov cab kuj. Qhov no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nws zoo npaum li cas nrog rau cov ntawv luam tawm uas twb muaj lawm.
Thaum muaj ntau ntau lawm mus, tej khoom yuav tseem ceeb heev. Txhawm rau kom cov kab ntau lawm tsis txhob nres vim muaj teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv, cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum qhia tias lawv tuaj yeem tau txais cov ore rau cov xim inorganic lossis txhim khu kev qha synthesis txoj kev rau cov organic variants. Thaum nws tseem ceeb kom muaj tus nqi sib tw, tus nqi qis tshaj -ib -kilogram feem ntau txhais tau tias tsis zoo, uas ua rau tag nrho cov nqi los ntawm kev pov tseg, rov luam tawm, thiab cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus siab.
Sustainability yam tseem ceeb tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab yuav khoom. Cov tuam txhab uas saib xyuas ib puag ncig cog lus tias yuav siv tsis yog - cov qauv tshuaj lom uas tsis muaj cov hlau hnyav thaum tseem ua tau raws li cov qauv kev ua tau zoo. Cov neeg muab kev pabcuam uas muab cov kws tshaj lij pabcuam rau daim ntawv qhia kev ua kom zoo dua qub, kev ntsuas kev sib raug zoo, thiab kho cov teebmeem ntxiv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv raw nws tus kheej.
Tus neeg muab khoom koom tes ua ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam
Ntev - lub sij hawm archival printing txheej txheem uas ua hauj lwm zoo cia siab rau kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus neeg uas mus tshaj li tsuas yog yuav cov ntaub ntawv. Tus neeg muag khoom xim zoo tshaj plaws muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev paub, zoo li particle loj tsom xam, cov ntaub ntawv dispersibility, thiab compatibility matrices rau cov binder systems. Cov qauv kev pabcuam uas tso cai rau koj kuaj cov khoom ua ntej lawv mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom qis dua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev hloov mus rau cov qauv tshiab lossis nce ntau lawm.
Henghao Technology Development (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj xyuas kom zoo thoob plaws tag nrho nws cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Qhov no ua kom paub tseeb tias tag nrho nws cov batch yog tib yam, uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tiag tiag ntawm cov tuam txhab uas ua tus number case, coatings, thiab kev lag luam luam ntawv.
Peb cov khoom muaj xws li cov organic pigments (xws li azo, pas dej, thiab phthalocyanine series), inorganic pigments (xws li ntau hom carbon dub), thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev luam ntawv. Peb muab Hoobkas- tus nqi ncaj qha uas pab cov xa khoom thiab OEM cov neeg siv khoom tau txais nyiaj ntau tshaj thaum tseem ua tau raws li cov qauv zoo uas tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm cov txheej txheem kuaj thoob ntiaj teb.
Siv Pigment Ink Solutions hauv Archival Printing Workflows
Infrastructure Compatibility Considerations
Hloov mus rauInk Pigment-raws li tshuab luam ntawv, lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tam sim no yuav tsum tau saib. Thaum qhov loj me me nyob hauv qhov kev teev tseg hauv qab 200nm, piezoelectric printhead tshuab feem ntau ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov xim xim. Rau cov tshuab thermal inkjet ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj pleev xim, uas zoo li muaj viscosities ntau dua, cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau hloov kho dua tshiab. Txhawm rau kom cov khoom tsis nyob hauv lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm, xyuas cov qauv thiab kho cov txheej txheem rau lub nozzles feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov.
Kev xaiv ntawm substrate muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm qhov ua tus number case. Thaum nws los txog rau xim gamut thiab luam ntawv ceev, cov ntawv coated ua rau pigments yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov khoom tsis muaj coated tej zaum yuav tsis zoo li zas xim -raws li lwm txoj kev. Txhawm rau ua kom qhov tseeb kwv yees txog ntev npaum li cas ib yam yuav kav ntev, kev sim cov txheej txheem yuav tsum saib tus cwj mem - substrate ua ke nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas ua rau cov txheej txheem kev laus. Cov xwm txheej no yuav tsum simulate kaum xyoo ntawm kev raug rau ib puag ncig hauv lub sijhawm luv luv.
Tiag -Kev ua tau zoo hauv ntiaj teb
Cov tuam txhab uas tau hloov mus rau xim xim -raws li kev luam ntawv mus tas li hais tias qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom tau zoo dua. Thaum lub tuam txhab North American daim ntawv lo tau hloov los ntawm cov xim xim rau cov xim xim rau sab nraum zoov - cov npe khoom lag luam, 87% tsawg dua cov neeg siv khoom rov qab los vim tias cov ntawv ploj lossis ntub dej. Los ntawm kev siv xim xim -raws li kev luam ntawv ua haujlwm, lub tuam txhab tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv nyob sab Europe tau txais ISO 9706 ntawv pov thawj rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia. Qhov no tau tsim cov hauv kev lag luam tshiab hauv kev ua raws cai raws li txoj cai thiab keeb kwm kev khaws cia.
Kev ua tau zoo ua kom tau zoo dua li cov xim tshiab tawm los. Nano- cov txheej txheem dispersion ua cov khoom loj me me uas zoo li zas xim -raws li kev daws teeb meem thaum tseem ruaj khov dua. Surface-hloov pigments ua haujlwm zoo dua nrog eco-cov kuab tshuaj thiab dej-raws li cov cab kuj, uas yog qhov zoo dua rau ib puag ncig yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev mus tas li ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov kev txhim kho no pab pawg neeg yuav khoom tuaj nrog cov kev daws teeb meem uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau tam sim no thiab cov qauv uas yuav xav tau yav tom ntej.
Xaus
Ink Pigmentyog qhov zoo dua li kev xaiv xim rau kev luam ntawv archival vim yog cov cai ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev uas tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas kev ua tau zoo hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag. Thaum cov xim pigment siv dyeing dyes, lawv tsis tawg sai li sai tau, yog li cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau ntau xyoo los yog ntau pua xyoo. Thaum cov xim zas xim tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov xim ci tseem ceeb tshaj qhov ntev - qhov zoo, cov ntaub ntawv xav tau hu rau kev ruaj ntseg uas tsuas yog cov xim xim tuaj yeem muab tau. Thaum ua kev yuav khoom, tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum nrhiav kev koom tes nrog cov neeg muag khoom uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo, kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam, thiab cov khoom siv tau zoo uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntev - cov lus cog tseg rau kev luam ntawv archival.
FAQ
Dab tsi ua rau Ink Pigment ploj ntau dua - tiv taus ntau dua li dye formulations?
Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Ink Pigment ib txwm tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm UV degradation, uas rhuav tshem cov xim molecules uas tau yaj. Pigment particles lub cev nres lub teeb los ntawm kev nkag mus thiab xav tau ntau lub zog kom sib cais dua li cov molecular bonds hauv dye colorants.
Pigment -raws li luam ntawv tuaj yeem phim cov xim vibrancy ntawm dye inks?
Niaj hnub nimno cov xim sib xyaw uas siv cov xim organic xws li quinacridones ncav cuag cov xim siv xim uas zoo ib yam li cov xim xim -raws li cov tshuab thaum siv ntev dua. Feem ntau, kev lag luam tawm -tawm yog me ntsis xim gamuts nyob rau hauv kev pauv rau qhov zoo dua ploj mus thiab dej tsis kam.
Puas yog pigment inks sib haum nrog txhua hom tshuab luam ntawv?
Compatibility yog nyob ntawm cov duab ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv, qhov luaj li cas, thiab chemistry ntawm cov cab kuj. Feem ntau, cov tshuab piezoelectric tuaj yeem tswj cov xim xim zoo, tab sis cov tshuab luam ntawv thermal inkjet yuav xav tau qee cov qauv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau tham nrog ob lub tshuab luam ntawv manufacturers thiab cov neeg muag khoom xim kom paub tseeb tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws match.
Kuv yuav txheeb xyuas tus neeg muag khoom zoo li cas rau kev yuav khoom pigment ntau?
Nug kom paub meej cov ntsiab lus, xws li kev faib tawm ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg, kev ntsuam xyuas rau dispersibility, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib xws. Ua ntej koj cog lus rau kev txiav txim ntau, nug cov qauv kom paub tseeb tias lawv yuav ua haujlwm hauv koj daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Kev lav zoo ntxiv los ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb.
Koom tes nrog Henghao Technology rau Kev Txhim Kho Ink Pigment Supply
Henghao Technology Development (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. muaj kev sib raug zoo, siab -Cov xim Ink Pigment cov kev daws teeb meem uas tau tsim los ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Peb muaj ntau yam khoom, xws li carbon dub pigments, organic azo thiab phthalocyanine colorants, thiab tshwj xeeb sib tov uas ua tau raws li cov qauv kev ua tau zoo thoob ntiaj teb.
Raws li cov chaw tsim khoom ncaj qha uas tau xa tawm mus rau 33 lub teb chaws rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo, peb muab cov nqi sib tw Hoobkas, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa thiab muab kev ntseeg siab uas tuam txhab luam ntawv thiab number case xav tau. Email peb pab neeg ntawminfo@henghaopigment.comtham txog koj cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, tau txais cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb, lossis teeb tsa cov qauv kuaj. Koj tuaj yeem pom tag nrho peb cov khoom ntawm henghaocolor.com thiab kawm paub tias vim li cas cov neeg tsim Ink Pigment saum toj kawg nkaus xaiv Henghao Technology ua lawv tus khub mus sij hawm ntev -.
Cov ntaub ntawv
1. Fraser, B., & Schewe, J. (2016). Kev Tswj Xyuas Xim Ntiaj Teb tiag tiag: Cov tswv yim muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws hauv Cov Ntawv Luam thiab Digital Media. Berkeley: Peachpit Xovxwm.
2. Kipphan, H. (2001). Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshaj Tawm: Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Kev Tsim Khoom. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
3. Leach, RH, & Pierce, RJ (1993). Printing Ink Phau Ntawv Qhia (5th ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
4. Mortimer, A. (2008). Color Perception: Ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau xim txoj kev xav. Hampshire: Pira International.
5. Sharma, A. (2004). Nkag siab txog Kev Tswj Xim. Clifton Park: Thomson Delmar Kev Kawm.
6. Wilhelm, H., & Brower, C. (2011). Kev ruaj khov thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov duab xim: Cov xim luam tawm thiab cov xim digital, xim tsis zoo, swb, thiab cov duab kos duab. Grinnell: Preservation Publishing Company.
